| Degree of Culpability |
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| Typically, directors who conduct the corporation's business must exercise the care that an ordinary prudent person would exercise in the management of his or her own affairs under similar circumstances. This "ordinary" standard of care has been adopted by a majority of states and enacted in their corporation statutes. However, courts consistently interpret the culpability standard for the duty of care as one of gross negligence. More... |
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| Director and Officer Liability under ERISA |
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| Under ERISA, ''employers'' must make all necessary contributions to multi-employer pension plans pursuant to the plans' terms or the terms of a collective bargaining agreement. Every employee benefit plan must have a funding procedure and fully explain how and under what circumstances payments are to be made to the plan. If these responsibilities are not carried out or carried out in an untimely manner, a civil enforcement action can be brought against the plan or the employer. An "employer" is defined as "any person acting directly as an employer, or indirectly in the interest of an employer, in relation to an employee benefit plan.
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| Application of the De Facto Merger Doctrine to Acquisition of Corporate Assets |
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| Companies which otherwise are attractive acquisition targets may have contingent liabilities that are difficult to assess. For example, a paint manufacturer may have used ingredients that later prove to be toxic. Present and future liability of the manufacturer for damages from sales of products with those ingredients may be anticipated, but the scope and cost of that liability may be too difficult to determine to support an acquisition value for the manufacturer. More... |
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| Liabliity Under Clean Water Act |
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| Enacted in 1972, The Clean Water Act1 (CWA) attempts to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of United States waters by regulating the discharge of pollutants into the nation's surface waters, water treatment plants, and wetlands. Generally, a violation of the CWA occurs when a pollutant is discharged without an appropriate permit or in contravention or an effluent limitation or pretreatment requirement.
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| Registration Requirements for Securities Brokers and Dealers |
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| Most brokers and dealers are required under Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission and with a self-regulatory organization such as a national stock exchange before engaging in the securities business. More... |
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